What makes Procapil® work? Procapil® is a combination of vitaminated biotinyl tripeptide-1 with apigenin and oleanolic acid. Simply put, Procapil® enhances your scalp's production of cellular binding elements that serve two functions; to hold cells together and to facilitate the cellular communication blocked by the effects DHT. It also to increase blood flow within the scalp, allowing more nourishment to reach thinning hair. Biotinyl Tripepdide-1 A tripeptide-1 is a specialized synthetic molecule containing three amino acid residues - glycerine, histidine and lysine, and is considered a protein derivative. It is used frequently as a skin-conditioning agent for its role in building and preventing the break down of collagen. Biotin is a B vitamin (C10H16N2O3S) essential for cellular growth in the body, as well as the activity of many enzyme systems. It is an ingredient commonly found in many dermatologist-recommended hair loss treatments for its key role in the manufacturing of healthy hair. The combined properties of these two elements give Procapil® the ability to boost the synthesis of Laminin-5 and Collagen IV at the dermo-epidermal junction. This is an important area of the skin where cells are engaged in the reproductive process- where DHT damage happens. Laminin-5 is a membrane molecule that provides an attachment surface in a wide variety of cell types- especially epithelial cells (such as those in the skin and scalp). Genetic evidence unequivocally indicates that these cells will adhere to Laminin-5 faster and at a lower coating concentration than any other binding molecules- which means your cells need less of it to do more (and faster) binding. The ability of Procapil® to boost the production of Laminin-5 is part of what helps to firmly anchor your hair, preventing hair loss at the root. Collagen IV is another component of cellular membranes, serving a similar function to Laminin as an adhesive surface for the growth of epithelial cells. When the Collagen IV meshwork is assembled, it provides a scaffold for the assembly of other membrane components through interactions with substances like Laminin. It plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, adhesion, and tissue formation. The enhancement of Collagen IV is the other key to the foundation-strengthening abilities of Procapil® which help prevent DHT related hair loss. Apigenin Apigenin is a bioflavonoid ( bioflavanoids maintain the walls of small blood vessels) commonly found in leafy plants and vegetables like parsley, artichoke, basil, and celery. Current research trials indicate that it can reduce DNA oxidative damages. It is used in Procapil® for its vasodialative properties, increasing circulation through blood vessels. Oleanolic acid Oleanolic acid possesses antioxidant properties which have a beneficial effect on the hair, making it stronger and less susceptible to loss. It's anti inflammatory properties aid in reversing and preventing the damage caused by DHT. Oleanolic acid also has the ability to inhibit 5-alpha-reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone.